Guide to My Sketches Below
The following images have accumulated resulting from tutorial lessons where we have sketched sections of a hypothetical Portal Frame Building with Offices attached. See diagram above which shows what aspect of the plan above has been sketched. Sketching is a great way to understand the way a building is constructed because by drawing each element you begin to understand the relationship between components of a building. Figure 1. Section Through a Warehouse Portal Frame
Figure 1 shows a section through the Portal Frame of the Warehouse to the footings. I have decided that the concrete wall panels shown are probably pre-cast because there are footings seperate to an infil slab. Usually, tilt-up panels are cast on top of an existing slab, like a raft slab, used for the building. Pre-cast walls are probably more likely therefore to sit on pad or strip footings with an infil slab constructed later. Another interesting point here is the Construction Joint in the Infil slab - which would have occured between pours of the floor slab and is common when very large areas are concreted. These joints in the concrete are held together by deformed dowels - steel bars such as a Y20 Dowel which grip either side of the concrete. Figure 2. Section through a Warehouse Portal Frame and Attached Office
The above section (Figure 2) does not relate to the first picture (Guide to My Sketches). It cannot because the Warehouse is oriented in the wrong direction. In the Guide the warehouse side that recieves the roof slope with the guttering abutts the office. This drawing however was discussed in tutorials and you can see how a Warehouse Portal Frame with concrete panel walls can abut a different type of construction for an office - that of a clad steel frame and concrete floors. The first floor level shows how a suspended concrete floor may be constucted using a proprietary product called 'Bondek'. Because the ridges in the bondek are made of steel - the product has its own intrinsic steel 'joists' which support the mass of the concrete poured above.
Figure 3. Detail of Warehouse Portal Frame - Gutter Connection.
This figure shows an up close view of a rafter connecting to a concrete panel wall on the vertical face and to Z Purlins on the Horizontal face to which the Roofing is attached. Note the colorbond is angled into the gutter to prevent water dripping back to the wall. Also, there is a layer of Safety Mesh (important during construction) and Sarking (insulation) placed under the colorbond. Rafters do not just bolt into the walls. The concrete panels are constructed out of concrete which contains steel reinforcement. Concrete contributes good compressive strength and the steel contributes very good tensile strength - thus it holds the concrete together. Cast into concrete panels are items called 'Cast In - Inserts'. The above concrete panel would contain these inserts which connect inside the panel to the steel reinforcement. These Inserts are used for the rafter to connect to.
nb. Cast in inserts are also often used for bracing to be attached during construction - after bracing is removed they are patched over or in some cases, it is embraced as part of the aesthetic - see the posted photos of the 'Centre for Biological Research' by Louis Kahn at San Jose, California.
Section 4. Peeled Back view of the end of the Warehouse Roof
Note from this drawing how the Z purlins attach to the Rafters and over this a layer of safety mesh and Sarking is laid, before the Rood Cladding is fixed to the Z Purlins. It is important that along the edge, that capping is used to finish the line of the structure and protect the weather from entering.
Figure. 5. Detail of Spreader Gutter Between Warehouse and Office Structure
Note here that the gutter delivers storm water from the Warehouse Roof to the lower office Roof. The water outlet is chanelled along a series of pipes to spread out the water discharge along more surface area of the office roof. The proper construction/detailing of flashing between the Office Roof and the Cladding on the Warehouse Wall is essential to prevent a leaking Office Roof.
Figure 6. Detail of Capping on Front Parapet Wall of Office Building
Imagine you are standing in front of the Office Building and you would like to Jazz up the Parapet Wall - Cladding! Perhaps you could put your building Branding there? This detail shows how the water is directed behind the parapet wall and onto the roof cladding so that it may move down to a box gutter. Note how the angle is created with plywood on wood blocking and how the flashings interlock past each other and sealant and backing rod is incorporated to prevent water entry to the wooden elements.
The above section (Figure 2) does not relate to the first picture (Guide to My Sketches). It cannot because the Warehouse is oriented in the wrong direction. In the Guide the warehouse side that recieves the roof slope with the guttering abutts the office. This drawing however was discussed in tutorials and you can see how a Warehouse Portal Frame with concrete panel walls can abut a different type of construction for an office - that of a clad steel frame and concrete floors. The first floor level shows how a suspended concrete floor may be constucted using a proprietary product called 'Bondek'. Because the ridges in the bondek are made of steel - the product has its own intrinsic steel 'joists' which support the mass of the concrete poured above.Figure 3. Detail of Warehouse Portal Frame - Gutter Connection.
This figure shows an up close view of a rafter connecting to a concrete panel wall on the vertical face and to Z Purlins on the Horizontal face to which the Roofing is attached. Note the colorbond is angled into the gutter to prevent water dripping back to the wall. Also, there is a layer of Safety Mesh (important during construction) and Sarking (insulation) placed under the colorbond. Rafters do not just bolt into the walls. The concrete panels are constructed out of concrete which contains steel reinforcement. Concrete contributes good compressive strength and the steel contributes very good tensile strength - thus it holds the concrete together. Cast into concrete panels are items called 'Cast In - Inserts'. The above concrete panel would contain these inserts which connect inside the panel to the steel reinforcement. These Inserts are used for the rafter to connect to.nb. Cast in inserts are also often used for bracing to be attached during construction - after bracing is removed they are patched over or in some cases, it is embraced as part of the aesthetic - see the posted photos of the 'Centre for Biological Research' by Louis Kahn at San Jose, California.
Section 4. Peeled Back view of the end of the Warehouse Roof
Note from this drawing how the Z purlins attach to the Rafters and over this a layer of safety mesh and Sarking is laid, before the Rood Cladding is fixed to the Z Purlins. It is important that along the edge, that capping is used to finish the line of the structure and protect the weather from entering.Figure. 5. Detail of Spreader Gutter Between Warehouse and Office Structure
Note here that the gutter delivers storm water from the Warehouse Roof to the lower office Roof. The water outlet is chanelled along a series of pipes to spread out the water discharge along more surface area of the office roof. The proper construction/detailing of flashing between the Office Roof and the Cladding on the Warehouse Wall is essential to prevent a leaking Office Roof.Figure 6. Detail of Capping on Front Parapet Wall of Office Building
Imagine you are standing in front of the Office Building and you would like to Jazz up the Parapet Wall - Cladding! Perhaps you could put your building Branding there? This detail shows how the water is directed behind the parapet wall and onto the roof cladding so that it may move down to a box gutter. Note how the angle is created with plywood on wood blocking and how the flashings interlock past each other and sealant and backing rod is incorporated to prevent water entry to the wooden elements.
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